The Somnath
temple located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast
of Gujarat, is believed to be the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines
of Shiva. It is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot of Gujarat.
Reconstructed several times in the past after repeated destruction by several
Muslim invaders and rulers as well as the Portuguese, the present temple
was reconstructed in Chaulukya style of Hindu temple architecture and
completed in May 1951. The reconstruction was started under the orders of first
Home Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel and completed after his
death.
The temple is
considered sacred due to the various legends connected to it. Somnath means
"Lord of the Soma", an epithet of Shiva.
According to
tradition, the Shivalinga in Somnath
is one of the 12 jyotirlingas in India, where Shiva is believed to
have appeared as a fiery column of light. The jyotirlingas are taken
as the supreme, undivided reality out of which Shiva partly appears.
Each of the 12 Jyotirlinga sites
take the name of a different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites,
the primary image is a lingam representing the beginning-less and endless stambha (pillar),
symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.
The site of Somnath
has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on account of being a Triveni
sangam (the confluence of three rivers: Kapila, Hiran and Sarasvati).
Soma the Moon
God, is believed to have lost his lustre due to a curse, and he bathed in the
Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The result is the waxing and waning
of the moon, no doubt an allusion to the waxing and waning of the tides at this
seashore location. The name of the town Prabhas, meaning lustre,
as well as the alternative names Someshvar and Somnath ("The lord of the moon" or "the moon
god") arise from this tradition.
Ancient Indian
traditions maintain a close relationship of Somnath with release of Chandra
(Moon God) from the curse of his father-in-law Daksha Prajapati. Moon was
married to Twenty-Seven daughters of Daksha. However, he favoured Rohini and
neglected other queens. The aggrieved Daksha cursed Moon and the Moon lost
power of light. With the advice of Prajapita Brahma, Moon arrived at the
Prabhas Teerth and worshipped Bhagvan Shiva. Pleased with the great penance and
devotion of Moon, Bhagvan Shiva blessed him and relieved him from the curse of
darkness. Pauranic traditions maintain that Moon had built a golden temple,
followed by a silver temple by Ravana, Bhagvan Shree Krishna is believed to
have built Somnath temple
with Sandalwood.
The
research based on ancient Indian classical texts show that first Somnath
Jyotirling Pran-Pratistha was done on the auspicious third day of brighter half
of Shravan month during the tenth Treta yug of Vaivswat Manvantar. Swami Shri
Gajananand Saraswatiji, Chairman of Shrimad Aadhya Jagadguru Shankaracharya
Vedic Shodh Sansthan, Varanasi suggested that the said first temple was built
7,99,25,105 years ago as derived from the traditions of Prabhas Khand of Skand
Puran. Thus, this temple is a perennial source of inspiration for millions of
Hindus since time immemorial.
The Moon
God is said to have been relieved from the curse of his father-in-law Daksha
Prajapati by the blessings of Bhagvan Somnath. In the Shiva Purana and Nandi
Upapurana, Shiva said, `I am always present everywhere but specially in 12
forms and places as the Jyotirlingas`. Somnath is one of these 12 holy places.
This is the first among the twelve holy Shiva Jyotirlings.
Other
spots in the temple are Shri Kapardi Vinayak and Shri Hanuman Temple in
addition to Vallabhghat. Vallabhghat is a beautiful sunset point. The temple is
illuminated every evening. Similarly, the Sound & Light Show “Jay Somnath”
is also displayed every night during 8.00 to 9.00, which allows the pilgrims an
ethereal experience in the backdrop of grand Somnath temple and the holy wave
sounds of the Ocean.
According to
popular tradition, the first Shiva temple at Somnath is believed to have been
built at some unknown time in the past. The second temple is said to have been
built at the same site by the "Yadava kings" of Vallabhi around
649 CE. In 725 CE, Al-Junayd, the Arab Governor of Sindh is
said to have destroyed the second temple as part of his invasions of Gujarat
and Rajasthan. The Gujara-Pratihara king Nagabhata II is
said to have constructed the third temple in 815 CE, a large structure of red
sandstone.
However, there is historical
record of an attack on Somnath by Al-Junayd. Nagabhata II is known to
have visited tirthas in Saurashtra, including Someshvara (the
Lord of the Moon), which may or may not be a reference to a Siva temple because
the town itself was known by that name. The Chaulukya (Solanki)
king Mularaja possibly built the first temple at the site sometime
before 997 CE, even though some historians believe that he may have renovated a
smaller earlier temple.
In 1024, during the reign
of Bhima I, the prominent Turkic ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided
Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its Jyotirlinga despite
pleas by Brahmins not to break it. Historians expect the damage to the
temple by Mahmud to have been minimal because there are no records of
pilgrimages to the temple till 1038, for 12 years no pilgrim due to damages. However,
powerful legends with intricate detail developed in the Turko-Persian
literature regarding Mahmud's raid, which "electrified" the
Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain. They later boasted
that Mahmud had killed 50,000 devotees. The devotees had tried to defend the
temple from being vandalised and looted.
The temple at the time of
Mahmud's attack appears to have been a wooden structure, which is said to have
decayed in time (kalajirnam). Kumarapala (r. 1143–72) rebuilt it
in "excellent stone and studded it with jewels," according to an
inscription in 1169.
The temple was again destroyed
by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 CE. During
its 1299 invasion of Gujarat, Alauddin Khalji’s army, led by Ulugh Khan,
defeated the Vaghela king Karna, and sacked the Somnath temple. Legends
in the later texts Kanhadade Prabandha (15th century) and Khyat (17th
century) state that the Jalore ruler Kanhadadeva later
recovered the Somnath idol and freed the Hindu prisoners, after an attack on
the Delhi army near Jalore.
The temple was rebuilt
by Mahipala I, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308 and
the lingam was installed by his son Khengara sometime between
1331 and 1351.
In 1395, the temple
was destroyed for the third time by Zafar Khan, the last governor of
Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate and later founder of Gujarat
Sultanate. In 1451, it was desecrated by Mahnud Begada, the Sultan of
Gujarat.
In 1546, the Portuguese,
based in Goa,
attacked ports and towns in Gujarat including Somnath and destroyed several
temples and mosques.
By 1665, the temple, one of
many, was ordered to be destroyed by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In
1702, he ordered that if Hindus revived worship there, it should be demolished
completely.
Before independence, Veraval was part of
the Junagadh State, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. After India
refused to accept his decision, the state was made a part of India and Deputy
Prime Minister Patel came to Junagadh on 12 November 1947 to direct the
stabilization of the state by the Indian Army and at the same time ordered the
reconstruction of the Somnath temple.
The ruins were pulled down in
October 1950 and in May 1951, Rajindra Prasad, the first President of the
Republic of India, performed the installation ceremony for the temple.
The present temple
is built in the Chaulukya style of temple architecture or
"Kailash Mahameru Prasad" style and reflects the skill of
the Sompura Salats, one of Gujarat's master masons. The temple's sikhara,
or main spire, is 15 metres in height, and it has an 8.2-metre tall flag pole
at the top.
The temple is situated at such
a place that there is no land in a straight line between Somnath seashore until Antarctica,
such an inscription in Sanskrit is found on the Baṇastambha (Sanskrit:
बाणस्तम्भ,
lit. arrow pillar)
erected on the sea-protection wall. The Baṇastambha mentions that it stands at
a point on the Indian landmass that is the first point on land in the north to
the South Pole at
that particular longitude.
Temple Website: Somnath Temple
