Ø
Brahma
Ø
Shiva
Ø
Vishnu
Ø
Lakshmi
Who is Brahma?
Brahma is the first god in the Hindu
triumvirate, or trimurti. The triumvirate consists of three gods who are
responsible for the creation, upkeep and destruction of the world. The other
two gods are Vishnu and Shiva.
Vishnu is the preserver of the universe,
while Shiva's role is to destroy it in order to re-create.
Brahma's job was creation of the world and
all creatures. His name should not be confused with Brahman, who is the supreme
God force present within all things.
Brahma is the least worshipped god in
Hinduism today. There are only two temples in the whole of India devoted to
him, compared with the many thousands devoted to the other two.
What does Brahma look
like?
Brahma has four heads and it is believed that
from these heads came the four Vedas (the most ancient
religious texts for Hindus). Some also believe that the caste system, or four
varnas, came from different part of Brahma's body.
He has four arms and is usually depicted with
a beard.
Brahma's consort is Saraswati, goddess of
knowledge.
Why is Brahma not
worshipped so much?
There are a number of stories in the Hindu
mythology which point to why he is rarely worshipped. These are two of them.
The first view is that Brahma created a woman
in order to aid him with his job of creation. She was called Shatarupa.
She was so beautiful that Brahma became
infatuated with her, and gazed at her wherever she went. This caused her
extreme embarrassment and Shatarupa tried to turn from his gaze.
But in every direction she moved, Brahma
sprouted a head until he had developed four. Finally, Shatarupa grew so
frustrated that she jumped to try to avoid his gaze. Brahma, in his obsession,
sprouted a fifth head on top of all.
It is also said in some sources that
Shatarupa kept changing her form. She became every creature on earth to avoid
Brahma. He however, changed his form to the male version of whatever she was
and thus every animal community in the world was created.
Lord Shiva admonished Brahma for
demonstrating behaviour of an incestuous nature and chopped off his fifth head
for 'unholy' behaviour. Since Brahma had distracted his mind from the soul and
towards the cravings of the flesh, Shiva's curse was that people should not
worship Brahma.
As a form of repentance, it is said that
Brahma has been continually reciting the four Vedas since this time, one from
each of his four heads.
A second view of why Brahma is not
worshipped, and a more sympathetic one, is that Brahma's role as the creator is
over. It is left to Vishnu to preserve the world and Shiva to continue its path
of cosmic reincarnation.
Who is Shiva?
Shiva is the third god in the Hindu
triumvirate. The triumvirate consists of three gods who are responsible for the
creation, upkeep and destruction of the world. The other two gods are Brahma and Vishnu.
Brahma is the creator of the universe while
Vishnu is the preserver of it. Shiva's role is to destroy the universe in order
to re-create it.
Hindus believe his powers of destruction and
recreation are used even now to destroy the illusions and imperfections of this
world, paving the way for beneficial change. According to Hindu belief, this
destruction is not arbitrary, but constructive. Shiva is therefore seen as the
source of both good and evil and is regarded as the one who combines many contradictory
elements.
Shiva is known to have untamed passion, which
leads him to extremes in behaviour. Sometimes he is an ascetic, abstaining from
all wordly pleasures. At others he is a hedonist.
It is Shiva's relationship with his wife,
Parvati which brings him balance. Their union allows him to be an ascetic and a
lover, but within the bounds of marriage.
Hindus who worship Shiva as their primary god
are members of the Shaivism sect.
What does Shiva look
like?
In his representations as a man, Shiva always
has a blue face and throat. Strictly speaking his body is white, but images
often show him with a blue body too.
Shiva is represented with the following
features:
Ø
A
third eye
Ø
The
extra eye represents the wisdom and insight that Shiva has. It is also believed
to be the source of his untamed energy. On one occasion, when Shiva was
distracted in the midst of worship by the love god, Kama, Shiva opened his
third eye in anger. Kama was consumed by the fire that poured forth, and only
returned to life when Parvati intervened.
Ø
A
cobra necklace
Ø This
signifies Shiva's power over the most dangerous creatures in the world. Some
traditions also say that the snake represents Shiva's power of destruction and
recreation. The snake sheds its skin to make way for new, smooth skin.
Ø
The
vibhuti
Ø The
vibhuti are three lines drawn horizontally across the forehead in white ash.
They represent Shiva's all-pervading nature, his superhuman power and wealth.
Also, they cover up his powerful third eye. Members of Shaivism often draw
vibhuti lines across their forehead.
Ø
The
trident
Ø
The
three-pronged trident represents the three functions of the Hindu triumvirate.
While other gods are depicted in lavish
surroundings, Shiva is dressed in simple animal skin and in austere settings,
usually in a yogic position. Parvati, whenever she is present, is always at the
side of Shiva. Their relationship is one of equality.
Even though Shiva is the destroyer, he is
usually represented as smiling and tranquil.
Other representations
Shiva is sometimes represented as half man,
half woman. His figure is split half way down the body, one half showing his
body and the second half that of Parvati's.
Shiva is also represented by Shiva
linga. This is a phallic statue, representing the raw power of
Shiva and his masculinity. Hindus believe it represents the seed of the
universe, demonstrating Shiva's quality of creation. Worshippers of Shiva
celebrate Mahashivratri, a festival at which the Shiva linga is bathed in
water, milk and honey and worshipped.
Who is he linked
with?
Shiva's consort is Devi, the Mother-goddess.
Devi has taken on many forms in the past, including Kali, the goddess of death,
and Sati, the goddess of marital felicity. Her best known incarnation is
Parvati, Shiva's eternal wife.
Hindus believe Shiva and Parvati live in the
Kailash mountains in the Himalayas.
Lord of the dance
Dance is an important art form in India, and
Shiva is believed to be the master of it. He is often called the Lord of Dance.
The rhythm of dance is a metaphor for the balance in the universe which Shiva
is believed to hold so masterfully.
His most important dance is the Tandav. This
is the cosmic dance of death, which he performs at the end of an age, to
destroy the universe.
According to one Hindu legend, Shiva almost
signalled the end of this universe by performing this dangerous dance before
its time. This is the story.
One day, the father of the goddess Sati
decided to hold a prayer ceremony. At this prayer ceremony, all the gods would
be invited and offerings would be made to them.
But Shiva had married Sati against the wishes
of her father and he was not invited. Sati was deeply offended on behalf of her
husband.
In anger, Sati prayed intensely and jumped
into the sacred fire that was burning on the day of the ceremony.
During this time, Shiva had been in the midst
of deep meditation. But when Sati jumped into the fire, he awoke in great
anger, realising what his wife had done.
The story becomes less certain at this point,
but it is believed that Shiva started the cosmic dance of death. The whole
universe was about to be destroyed before it was time.
The gods who were present at the prayer
ceremony were very concerned. In order to pacify him, they scattered the ashes
of Sati over him. This did the trick. He calmed down and did not complete the
dance. But he went into meditation for many years, deeply upset over the death
of his wife, ignoring all his godly duties.
It was not until Sati was reborn as Parvati
that Shiva finally came out of meditation. Through her love and patience, she taught
him about family life and the importance of moderation.
Shiva and Parvati are held up as the perfect
example of marital bliss by many Hindus, and one is rarely depicted without the
other.
Who is Vishnu?
Vishnu is the second god in the Hindu
triumvirate (orTrimurti). The triumvirate
consists of three gods who are responsible for the creation, upkeep and destruction
of the world. The other two gods are Brahma and
Shiva.
Brahma is the creator of the universe and
Shiva is the destroyer. Vishnu is the preserver and protector of the universe.
His role is to return to the earth in
troubled times and restore the balance of good and evil. So far, he has been
incarnated nine times, but Hindus believe that he will be reincarnated one last
time close to the end of this world.
Vishnu's worshippers, usually called
Vaishnava, consider him the greatest god. They regard the other gods as lesser
or demi gods. Vaishnava worship only Vishnu. Vishnu monotheism is called
Vaishnavism.
What do the ancient
texts say about Vishnu?
In the Rig Veda, which is the holiest of the
four Vedas, Vishnu is mentioned numerous times alongside other gods, such as
Indra.
He is particularly associated with light and
especially with the Sun. In early texts, Vishnu is not included as one of the
original seven solar gods (Adityas), but in later texts he is mentioned as
leading them.
From this time, Vishnu appears to have gained
more prominence, and by the time of the Brahmanas (commentaries of the Vedas),
he is regarded as the most important of all gods.
Two of Vishnu's incarnations, Rama and
Krishna, are also the subject of the epic stories Ramayana and Mahabharata,
respectively.
What does Vishnu look
like?
Vishnu is represented with a human body,
often with blue coloured skin and with four arms. His hands always carry four
objects in them, representing the things he is responsible for. The objects
symbolise many more meanings than are presented here:
Ø
The
conch: the sound this produces 'Om', represents the primeval sound of creation
Ø
The
chakra, or discus: symbolises the mind
Ø
The
lotus flower: an example of glorious existence and liberation
Ø
The
mace: represents mental and physical strength
Vishnu is usually represented in two positions.
Ø
Standing
upright on a lotus flower with Lakshmi, his consort, close by him
Ø Reclining
on the coils of a serpent, with Lakshmi massaging his feet. They are surrounded
by the Milky Ocean.
Vishnu rides on the King of Birds, Garuda,
who is an eagle.
What are Vishnu's
incarnations?
Vishnu has appeared in various incarnations
nine times on this earth, with the tenth predicted.
Ø
Matsya
(fish)
o
Some
Hindus believe that this is the similar to the biblical representation of Noah
Ø
Kurma
(turtle)
o
Churning
of the Ocean
Ø
Varaha
(pig/boar)
o
In
this avatar, Vishnu recovered the stolen Vedas
Ø
Narasimha
(half lion, half man)
o
Vishnu
managed to vanquish a demon who had gained immunity from attacks from man,
beast or god
Ø
Vamana
(dwarf sage with the ability to grow)
o
In
this story, the evil demon Bali had taken over the earth and had pushed all of
the gods from the heavens as well. Vishnu took the form of a dwarf, who tricked
Bali into giving him as much of Bali's empire as he could cover in three steps.
Vishnu as Vamana grew so large that with one step he had covered the earth,
with the second the heavens, thus returning the ownership to the gods.
Ø
Parasurama
(fierce man/hunter)
o
Vishnu
rids the earth of irreligious and sinful monarchs
Ø
Rama
(greatest warrior/ideal man)
o
As
Rama, he kills the demon King Ravana, who abducted his wife Sita
Ø
Krishna
(mentally advanced man)
o Krishna
is the hero of the Mahabharata, an epic poem. He also delivered his famous message, known as the Baghavad Gita.
Ø
Buddha (the all knowing one)
o
who
appeared in the 5th century BCE. In some traditions, Balarama replaces Buddha
as an incarnation of Vishnu.
Ø
Kalki
o
Expected
towards the end of this present age of decline, as a person on earth, seated on
a white horse.
Vishnu in Hindu
mythology
The churning of the Milky Ocean is the story
that explains how the gods finally defeated the demons and became immortal.
In the story, Vishnu advised the other gods
to churn the Milky Ocean in order to recover a number of lost treasures,
including the elixir of immortality and Lakshmi, the goddess of success and
wealth. Both of these items would enable the gods to defeat the demons who had
taken taken over the universe.
Knowing the gods would be unable to churn the
great ocean themselves, Vishnu struck a deal with the demons. He told them they
would get a share of the treasures, including the elixir of immortality, if
they helped to churn. They agreed.
Vishnu told the gods and demons they should
use Mount Madura as a churning stick, and the giant serpent, Vasuki, as a rope.
Vishnu managed to persuade the demons to hold
the head of the snake, which was spitting furiously, while the gods held the
tail end. The serpent was then coiled around the mountain. Each side
alternately pulled the rope then allowed it to relax, causing the mountain to
rotate in the water.
Before they could regain the treasures,
however, there were many problems they had to face.
As the gods and demons churned, the mountain
began to sink into the soft sand bed of the sea.
At the request of the gods, Vishnu incarnated
as a turtle. He placed the mountain on his back to act as a foundation stone,
thus allowing the churning to continue. Some reports say it was churned for a
thousand years before anything came up.
When the elixir of immortality finally rose
to the surface, the demons rushed to grab it.
But Vishnu assumed the form of Mohini, a
beautiful woman who captivated all the demons. By sleight of hand she changed
the elixir for alcohol and returned the precious liquid to the gods.
The churning also brought Lakshmi forth from the ocean. She came as a
beautiful woman standing on a lotus flower. Seeing all the gods before her, she
chose the god she felt was most worthy of her. Vishnu and she have been
inseparable since.
Lakshmi
Lakshmi is the consort of the god Vishnu. She
is one of the most popular goddesses of Hindu mythology and is known as the
goddess of wealth and purity.
What does Lakshmi
look like?
Lakshmi is commonly portrayed as a beautiful
woman with four arms, standing on a lotus flower. There is usually one, or
sometimes two elephants behind her, anointing her with water. She is often
depicted sitting beneath Vishnu, massaging his feet.
The rebirth of
Lakshmi
One of the most compelling stories in Hindu
mythology is that of the Churning of the Milky Ocean. It is the story of the
gods versus the demons and their fight to gain immortality. It also tells of
the rebirth of Lakshmi.
Indra, the warrior god, was given the
responsibility of protecting the world against the demons. He had protected it
successfully for many years, and the goddess Lakshmi's presence had made him
sure of success.
One day, a wise sage offered Indra a garland
of sacred flowers. In his arrogance, Indra threw the flowers to the floor.
According to Hindu belief, this disply of arrogance upset Lakshmi, who left the
world of the gods and entered into the Milky Ocean.
Without her, the gods were no longer blessed
with success or fortune.
The world became darker, people became
greedy, and no offerings were made to the gods. The gods began to lose their
power and the asuras (demons) took control.
Indra asked Vishnu what should be done. He
told Indra that the gods would need to churn the Milky Ocean to regain Lakshmi
and her blessings. He then told them the Ocean held other treasures which would
also help them. This included the elixir of life, a potion bestowing
immortality, which would enable them to defeat the demons.
The story of the Churning of the Ocean tells
of how the gods worked together to churn the ocean. They churned for many
years, but it was 1,000 years before anything rose to the surface.
Finally, the treasures began to rise to the
surface. Among them, a beautiful woman standing on a lotus flower. This was
Lakshmi, who had returned to the world. With her presence, the gods eventually
defeated the demons and chased them out of the world.
This story highlights the good fortune and
success that Lakshmi bestows upon those who work hard and seek help sincerely.
It also demonstrates that during times of success, one must never become
complacent or arrogant, as success has a way of getting away from people.
Worshipping Lakshmi
Hindus believe that anybody who worships
Lakshmi sincerely, and not in greed, will be blessed with fortune and success.
It is said that Lakshmi resides in places of hard work, virtue and bravery, but
leaves whenever these qualities are not apparent any more.
Lakshmi is particularly worshipped during the
festival of Diwali. This festival commemorates the epic story, Ramayana. Ramayana
is the legend of Lord Rama's battle with the demon Ravana, in which Lakshmi
features.
In the story of Ramayana, Sita is married to
Lord Rama. Hindus believe Sita is an incarnation of Lakshmi. The story tells us
that Rama had been cast out of his rightful kingdom, and had gone to live in a
forest with his wife and brother.
The battle between Rama and the demon Ravana
begins when Ravana abducts Sita from the forest. The epic follows the story of
Rama defeating the demon, and his eventual return to his kingdom.
As the three heroes, Rama, his brother
Lakshman and Sita, returned home, people lit candles to guide their way in the
dark. In honour of this, on the second day of Diwali people light candles in
their homes to guide Lakshmi, in the hope that she will bestow good fortune on
their home for the coming year.
After worshipping Lakshmi on Diwali, many
Hindus gamble and spend profusely, believing that Lakshmi has bestowed good
fortune upon them.
In addition to this, two days before Diwali,
a festival called Dhantares is celebrated to seek more blessings from her.
During this time Hindus buy gold and silver and start new business ventures.
Hindus worship Lakshmi at home as well
as in the temple. Friday is believed to be the most auspicious day for her
worship.
